Binary logging can be disabled safely after a normal shutdown. The --log-slave-updates and --slave-preserve-commit-order options require binary logging. MySQL disables these options by default when --skip-log-bin or --disable-log-bin is specified. If you specify --log-slave-updates or --slave-preserve-commit-order together with --skip-log-bin or --disable-log-bin , a warning or error message is issued.

In MySQL 5. In MySQL 8. For servers that are used in a replication topology, you must specify a unique nonzero server ID for each server. For information on the format and management of the binary log, see Section 5.

The name for the binary log index file, which contains the names of the binary log files. By default, it has the same location and base name as the value specified for the binary log files using the --log-bin option, plus the extension. If you do not specify --log-bin , the default binary log index file name is binlog.

index , using the name of the host machine. Statement selection options. The options in the following list affect which statements are written to the binary log, and thus sent by a replication source server to its replicas. There are also options for replicas that control which statements received from the source should be executed or ignored. For details, see Section This option affects binary logging in a manner similar to the way that --replicate-do-db affects replication.

The effects of this option depend on whether the statement-based or row-based logging format is in use, in the same way that the effects of --replicate-do-db depend on whether statement-based or row-based replication is in use. For example, DDL statements such as CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE are always logged as statements, without regard to the logging format in effect, so the following statement-based rules for --binlog-do-db always apply in determining whether or not the statement is logged.

Statement-based logging. To specify multiple databases you must use multiple instances of this option. Because database names can contain commas, the list is treated as the name of a single database if you supply a comma-separated list. It is also faster to check only the default database rather than all databases if there is no need. Another case which may not be self-evident occurs when a given database is replicated even though it was not specified when setting the option.

Because sales is the default database when the UPDATE statement is issued, the UPDATE is logged. Row-based logging. The changes to the february table in the sales database are logged in accordance with the UPDATE statement; this occurs whether or not the USE statement was issued.

Even if the USE prices statement were changed to USE sales , the UPDATE statement's effects would still not be written to the binary log. Another important difference in --binlog-do-db handling for statement-based logging as opposed to the row-based logging occurs with regard to statements that refer to multiple databases.

If you are using statement-based logging, the updates to both tables are written to the binary log. However, when using the row-based format, only the changes to table1 are logged; table2 is in a different database, so it is not changed by the UPDATE. Now suppose that, instead of the USE db1 statement, a USE db4 statement had been used:.

In this case, the UPDATE statement is not written to the binary log when using statement-based logging. However, when using row-based logging, the change to table1 is logged, but not that to table2 —in other words, only changes to tables in the database named by --binlog-do-db are logged, and the choice of default database has no effect on this behavior. This option affects binary logging in a manner similar to the way that --replicate-ignore-db affects replication. The effects of this option depend on whether the statement-based or row-based logging format is in use, in the same way that the effects of --replicate-ignore-db depend on whether statement-based or row-based replication is in use.

For example, DDL statements such as CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE are always logged as statements, without regard to the logging format in effect, so the following statement-based rules for --binlog-ignore-db always apply in determining whether or not the statement is logged. When there is no default database, no --binlog-ignore-db options are applied, and such statements are always logged.

Bug , Bug Row-based format. The current database has no effect. When using statement-based logging, the following example does not work as you might expect. The UPDATE statement is logged in such a case because --binlog-ignore-db applies only to the default database determined by the USE statement.

Because the sales database was specified explicitly in the statement, the statement has not been filtered. However, when using row-based logging, the UPDATE statement's effects are not written to the binary log, which means that no changes to the sales. To specify more than one database to ignore, use this option multiple times, once for each database. You should not use this option if you are using cross-database updates and you do not want these updates to be logged.

Checksum options. MySQL supports reading and writing of binary log checksums. These are enabled using the two options listed here:. Enabling this option causes the source to write checksums for events written to the binary log. Set to NONE to disable, or the name of the algorithm to be used for generating checksums; currently, only CRC32 checksums are supported, and CRC32 is the default.

You cannot change the setting for this option within a transaction. To control reading of checksums by the replica from the relay log , use the --slave-sql-verify-checksum option. Testing and debugging options. The following binary log options are used in replication testing and debugging. They are not intended for use in normal operations. This option is used internally by the MySQL test suite for replication testing and debugging.

The following list describes system variables for controlling binary logging. They can be set at server startup and some of them can be changed at runtime using SET. Server options used to control binary logging are listed earlier in this section. The size of the memory buffer to hold changes to the binary log during a transaction. The block size is A value that is not an exact multiple of the block size is rounded down to the next lower multiple of the block size by MySQL Server before storing the value for the system variable.

If the data for the transaction exceeds the space in the memory buffer, the excess data is stored in a temporary file. When binary log encryption is active on the server, the memory buffer is not encrypted, but from MySQL 8. After each transaction is committed, the binary log cache is reset by clearing the memory buffer and truncating the temporary file if used. If you often use large transactions, you can increase this cache size to get better performance by reducing or eliminating the need to write to temporary files.

See Section 5. When enabled, this variable causes the source to write a checksum for each event in the binary log. The default is CRC If backward compatibility with older replicas is a concern, you may want to set the value explicitly to NONE. Up to and including MySQL 8. Due to concurrency issues, a replica can become inconsistent when a transaction contains updates to both transactional and nontransactional tables. MySQL tries to preserve causality among these statements by writing nontransactional statements to the transaction cache, which is flushed upon commit.

However, problems arise when modifications done to nontransactional tables on behalf of a transaction become immediately visible to other connections because these changes may not be written immediately into the binary log. By default, this variable is disabled. As of MySQL 8. The session user must have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. Otherwise, such statements are likely to cause the replica to diverge from the source.

This variable has no effect when the binary log format is ROW or MIXED. Enables encryption for binary log files and relay log files on this server. OFF is the default. ON sets encryption on for binary log files and relay log files. Binary logging does not need to be enabled on the server to enable encryption, so you can encrypt the relay log files on a replica that has no binary log.

To use encryption, a keyring plugin must be installed and configured to supply MySQL Server's keyring service.

For instructions to do this, see Section 6. Any supported keyring plugin can be used to store binary log encryption keys. When you first start the server with binary log encryption enabled, a new binary log encryption key is generated before the binary log and relay logs are initialized.

This key is used to encrypt a file password for each binary log file if the server has binary logging enabled and relay log file if the server has replication channels , and further keys generated from the file passwords are used to encrypt the data in the files.

Relay log files are encrypted for all channels, including Group Replication applier channels and new channels that are created after encryption is activated. The binary log index file and relay log index file are never encrypted.

If you activate encryption while the server is running, a new binary log encryption key is generated at that time. The exception is if encryption was active previously on the server and was then disabled, in which case the binary log encryption key that was in use before is used again. The binary log file and relay log files are rotated immediately, and file passwords for the new files and all subsequent binary log files and relay log files are encrypted using this binary log encryption key.

Existing binary log files and relay log files still present on the server are not automatically encrypted, but you can purge them if they are no longer needed. Previously encrypted files are not automatically decrypted, but the server is still able to read them.

Group Replication applier channels are not included in the relay log rotation request, so unencrypted logging for these channels does not start until their logs are rotated in normal use.

For more information on binary log file and relay log file encryption, see Section Controls what happens when the server encounters an error such as not being able to write to, flush or synchronize the binary log, which can cause the source's binary log to become inconsistent and replicas to lose synchronization. On restart, recovery proceeds as in the case of an unexpected server halt see Section This setting provides backward compatibility with older versions of MySQL.

Sets the binary log expiration period in seconds. After their expiration period ends, binary log files can be automatically removed. Possible removals happen at startup and when the binary log is flushed. Log flushing occurs as indicated in Section 5. Beginning with MySQL 8. To remove binary log files manually, use the PURGE BINARY LOGS statement. See Section Enables or disables automatic purging of binary log files. Setting this variable to ON the default enables automatic purging; setting it to OFF disables automatic purging.

This variable has no effect on PURGE BINARY LOGS. This system variable sets the binary logging format, and can be any one of STATEMENT , ROW , or MIXED. The default is ROW. Exception : In NDB Cluster, the default is MIXED ; statement-based replication is not supported for NDB Cluster. Setting the session value of this system variable is a restricted operation. The rules governing when changes to this variable take effect and how long the effect lasts are the same as for other MySQL server system variables.

For more information, see Section When MIXED is specified, statement-based replication is used, except for cases where only row-based replication is guaranteed to lead to proper results. For example, this happens when statements contain loadable functions or the UUID function. For details of how stored programs stored procedures and functions, triggers, and events are handled when each binary logging format is set, see Section There are exceptions when you cannot switch the replication format at runtime:.

The replication format cannot be changed from within a stored function or a trigger. If a session has open temporary tables, the replication format cannot be changed for the session SET SESSION. If any replication channel has open temporary tables, the replication format cannot be changed globally SET GLOBAL.

If any replication channel applier thread is currently running, the replication format cannot be changed globally SET GLOBAL. Trying to switch the replication format in any of these cases or attempting to set the current replication format results in an error.

Switching the replication format at runtime is not recommended when any temporary tables exist, because temporary tables are logged only when using statement-based replication, whereas with row-based replication and mixed replication, they are not logged. Changing the logging format on a replication source server does not cause a replica to change its logging format to match.

Switching the replication format while replication is ongoing can cause issues if a replica has binary logging enabled, and the change results in the replica using STATEMENT format logging while the source is using ROW or MIXED format logging. A replica is not able to convert binary log entries received in ROW logging format to STATEMENT format for use in its own binary log, so this situation can cause replication to fail. For more information, see Section 5. The binary log format affects the behavior of the following server options:.

These effects are discussed in detail in the descriptions of the individual options. Controls how many microseconds the binary log commit waits before synchronizing the binary log file to disk. Also, on highly concurrent workloads, it is possible for the delay to increase contention and therefore reduce throughput. Typically, the benefits of setting a delay outweigh the drawbacks, but tuning should always be carried out to determine the optimal setting.

Formerly, this system variable controlled the time in microseconds to continue reading transactions from the flush queue before proceeding with group commit. It no longer has any effect. When this variable is enabled on a replication source server which is the default , transaction commit instructions issued to storage engines are serialized on a single thread, so that transactions are always committed in the same order as they are written to the binary log.

Disabling this variable permits transaction commit instructions to be issued using multiple threads. Used in combination with binary log group commit, this prevents the commit rate of a single transaction being a bottleneck to throughput, and might therefore produce a performance improvement.

Transactions are written to the binary log at the point when all the storage engines involved have confirmed that the transaction is prepared to commit. The binary log group commit logic then commits a group of transactions after their binary log write has taken place.

Transactions from a single client always commit in chronological order. In many cases this does not matter, as operations carried out in separate transactions should produce consistent results, and if that is not the case, a single transaction ought to be used instead.

Specifies whether or not the binary log master key is rotated at server startup. The binary log master key is the binary log encryption key that is used to encrypt file passwords for the binary log files and relay log files on the server. For more information on binary log encryption keys and the binary log master key, see Section This global system variable is read-only and can be set only at server startup.

minimal Log only changed columns, and columns needed to identify rows. noblob Log all columns, except for unneeded BLOB and TEXT columns. For MySQL row-based replication, this variable determines how row images are written to the binary log.

Normally, MySQL logs full rows that is, all columns for both the before and after images. However, it is not strictly necessary to include every column in both images, and we can often save disk, memory, and network usage by logging only those columns which are actually required. When deleting a row, only the before image is logged, since there are no changed values to propagate following the deletion.

When inserting a row, only the after image is logged, since there is no existing row to be matched. Only when updating a row are both the before and after images required, and both written to the binary log.

For the before image, it is necessary only that the minimum set of columns required to uniquely identify rows is logged. If the table containing the row has a primary key, then only the primary key column or columns are written to the binary log. Otherwise, if the table has a unique key all of whose columns are NOT NULL , then only the columns in the unique key need be logged. If the table has neither a primary key nor a unique key without any NULL columns, then all columns must be used in the before image, and logged.

In the after image, it is necessary to log only the columns which have actually changed. This variable actually takes one of three possible values, as shown in the following list:.

full : Log all columns in both the before image and the after image. minimal : Log only those columns in the before image that are required to identify the row to be changed; log only those columns in the after image where a value was specified by the SQL statement, or generated by auto-increment. noblob : Log all columns same as full , except for BLOB and TEXT columns that are not required to identify rows, or that have not changed.

This variable is not supported by NDB Cluster; setting it has no effect on the logging of NDB tables. When using minimal or noblob , deletes and updates are guaranteed to work correctly for a given table if and only if the following conditions are true for both the source and destination tables:. All columns must be present and in the same order; each column must use the same data type as its counterpart in the other table.

In other words, the tables must be identical with the possible exception of indexes that are not part of the tables' primary keys. If these conditions are not met, it is possible that the primary key column values in the destination table may prove insufficient to provide a unique match for a delete or update.

In this event, no warning or error is issued; the source and replica silently diverge, thus breaking consistency. Setting this variable has no effect when the binary logging format is STATEMENT. Configures the amount of table metadata added to the binary log when using row-based logging.

When set to MINIMAL , the default, only metadata related to SIGNED flags, column character set and geometry types are logged.

When set to FULL complete metadata for tables is logged, such as column name, ENUM or SET string values, PRIMARY KEY information, and so on. Replicas use the metadata to transfer data when its table structure is different from the source's.

External software can use the metadata to decode row events and store the data into external databases, such as a data warehouse. If the server is unable to generate a partial update, the full document is used instead. The default value is an empty string, which disables use of the format. mysqlbinlog output includes partial JSON updates in the form of events encoded as base strings using BINLOG statements.

If the --verbose option is specified, mysqlbinlog displays the partial JSON updates as readable JSON using pseudo-SQL statements. MySQL Replication generates an error if a modification cannot be applied to the JSON document on the replica. This includes a failure to find the path. Be aware that, even with this and other safety checks, if a JSON document on a replica has diverged from that on the source and a partial update is applied, it remains theoretically possible to produce a valid but unexpected JSON document on the replica.

This system variable affects row-based logging only. When enabled, it causes the server to write informational log events such as row query log events into its binary log.

This information can be used for debugging and related purposes, such as obtaining the original query issued on the source when it cannot be reconstructed from the row updates. These informational events are normally ignored by MySQL programs reading the binary log and so cause no issues when replicating or restoring from backup.

To view them, increase the verbosity level by using mysqlbinlog's --verbose option twice, either as -vv or --verbose --verbose. The size of the memory buffer for the binary log to hold nontransactional statements issued during a transaction. If the data for the nontransactional statements used in the transaction exceeds the space in the memory buffer, the excess data is stored in a temporary file. After each transaction is committed, the binary log statement cache is reset by clearing the memory buffer and truncating the temporary file if used.

If you often use large nontransactional statements during transactions, you can increase this cache size to get better performance by reducing or eliminating the need to write to temporary files.

Enables compression for transactions that are written to binary log files on this server. Compressed transaction payloads remain in a compressed state while they are sent in the replication stream to replicas, other Group Replication group members, or clients such as mysqlbinlog , and are written to the relay log still in their compressed state.

Binary log transaction compression therefore saves storage space both on the originator of the transaction and on the recipient and for their backups , and saves network bandwidth when the transactions are sent between server instances.

When a MySQL server instance has no binary log, if it is at a release from MySQL 8. Compressed transaction payloads received by such server instances are written in their compressed state to the relay log, so they benefit indirectly from compression carried out by other servers in the replication topology. This system variable cannot be changed within the context of a transaction. For more information on binary log transaction compression, including details of what events are and are not compressed, and changes in behavior when transaction compression is in use, see Section 5.

Prior to NDB 8. In NDB 8. See the description of the variable for further information. The value is an integer that determines the compression effort, from 1 the lowest effort to 22 the highest effort. If you do not specify this system variable, the compression level is set to 3. As the compression level increases, the data compression ratio increases, which reduces the storage space and network bandwidth required for the transaction payload.

However, the effort required for data compression also increases, taking time and CPU and memory resources on the originating server. Increases in the compression effort do not have a linear relationship to increases in the data compression ratio. This variable has no effect on logging of transactions on NDB tables; in NDB Cluster 8.

The dependency information written by the replication source is represented using logical timestamps. There are two logical timestamps, listed here, for each transaction:. The numbering restarts with 1 in each binary log file. Available choices are listed here:. This the default. The commit-time window begins immediately following the execution of the last statement of the transaction, and ends immediately after the storage engine commit ends.

Since transactions hold all row locks between these two points in time, we know that they cannot update the same rows. Each row in the transaction adds a set of one or more hashes to the transaction's write set, one of each unique key in the row. If there are no unique, nonnullable keys, a hash of the row is used.

This includes both deleted and inserted rows; for updated rows, both the old and the new row are also included. Two transactions are considered conflicting if their write sets overlap—that is, if there is some number hash that occurs in the write sets of both transactions.

In addition, due to the way the write sets are computed, there are periodic serialization points, such that the write set computation process regards every transaction after a serialization point as conflicting with every transaction before the serialization point.

Serialization points affect only dependencies computed by the WRITESET algorithm; transactions on opposite sides of the serialization point may have overlapping commit-time windows, and so can be parallelized on replica in spite of this.

The transactions are dependent according to WRITESET. The transactions were committed in the same user session. Any change in the value does not take effect for replicated transactions until after the replica has been stopped and restarted with STOP REPLICA and START REPLICA. The dependency information in those logs is used to assist the process of state transfer from a donor's binary log for distributed recovery, which takes place whenever a member joins or rejoins the group.

Sets an upper limit on the number of row hashes which are kept in memory and used for looking up the transaction that last modified a given row. Once this number of hashes has been reached, the history is purged. Specifies the number of days before automatic removal of binary log files. If you do not set a value for either system variable, the default expiration period is 30 days. A warning message is issued in this situation. Shows the status of binary logging on the server, either enabled ON or disabled OFF.

ON means that the binary log is available, OFF means that it is not in use. The --log-bin option can be used to specify a base name and location for the binary log. Holds the base name and path for the binary log files, which can be set with the --log-bin server option.

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Object comprehensions. While performing the stretch, black-out at most black-point pixels and white-out at most white-point pixels. In this case, the UPDATE statement is not written to the binary log when using statement-based logging. Because the runtime is evaluating the generated output, the import statements must reference the output files; so if file. Note, you can restrict limits relative to any security policies , but you cannot relax them. The lookup is further controlled by the -interpolate setting, which is especially handy for an LUT which is not the full length needed by the ImageMagick installed Quality Q level. Now whenever a large image is processed, the pixels are automagically cached to disk instead of memory.

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