x as possible. Some breaking changes, unfortunately, were unavoidable. In CoffeeScript 1. Per the ES spec regarding function default parameters and destructuring default values , default values are only applied when a value is missing or undefined. x, the default value would be applied in those cases but also if the value was null.

Bound generator functions, a. Therefore, CoffeeScript code like this:. In the constructor of a derived class a class that extends another class , this cannot be used before calling super :. This also means you cannot pass a reference to this as an argument to super in the constructor of a derived class:.

This is a limitation of ES classes. As a workaround, assign to this after the super call:. CoffeeScript 1. x allowed the extends keyword to set up prototypal inheritance between functions, and super could be used manually prototype-assigned functions:.

Due to the switch to ES extends and super , using these keywords for prototypal functions are no longer supported. The above case could be refactored to:. Code blocks that you want to be part of the commentary, and not executed, must have at least one line ideally the first line of the block completely unindented.

x, -- was required after the path and filename of the script to be run, but before any arguments passed to that script. This convention is now deprecated. So instead of:. On non-Windows platforms, a. coffee file can be made executable by adding a shebang! line at the top of the file and marking the file as executable. For example:. x, this used to fail when trying to pass arguments to the script.

Some users on OS X worked around the problem by using! While such scripts will still run on OS X, CoffeeScript will now display a warning before compiling or evaluating files that begin with a too-long shebang line.

Now that CoffeeScript 2 supports passing arguments without needing -- , we recommend simply changing the shebang lines in such scripts to just! Fixes for block comment formatting,? When running via the coffee executable, process. argv and friends now report coffee instead of node.

Better compatibility with Node. x module lookup changes. Giving your concatenated CoffeeScripts a name when using --join is now mandatory. Fixed an issue with extended subclasses using external constructor functions. Fixed an edge-case infinite loop in addImplicitParentheses. Fixed exponential slowdown with long chains of function calls.

Globals no longer leak into the CoffeeScript REPL. Splatted parameters are declared local to the function. Fixed a lexer bug with Unicode identifiers. Updated REPL for compatibility with Node. Fixed requiring relative paths in the REPL. Trailing return and return undefined are now optimized away.

Stopped requiring the core Node. js util module for back-compatibility with Node. Fixed a case where a conditional return would cause fallthrough in a switch statement. Optimized empty objects in destructuring assignment. CoffeeScript loops no longer try to preserve block scope when functions are being generated within the loop body.

Instead, you can use the do keyword to create a convenient closure wrapper. Added a --nodejs flag for passing through options directly to the node executable.

Better behavior around the use of pure statements within expressions. Fixed inclusive slicing through -1 , for all browsers, and splicing with arbitrary expressions as endpoints. The REPL now properly formats stacktraces, and stays alive through asynchronous exceptions. Using --watch now prints timestamps as files are compiled. Fixed some accidentally-leaking variables within plucked closure-loops.

Constructors now maintain their declaration location within a class body. Dynamic object keys were removed. Nested classes are now supported. Fixes execution context for naked splatted functions. Bugfix for inversion of chained comparisons. Chained class instantiation now works properly with splats. Heregexes extended regexes were added. Functions can now have default arguments. Class bodies are now executable code.

Improved syntax errors for invalid CoffeeScript. undefined now works like null , and cannot be assigned a new value. CoffeeScript now uses appropriately-named temporary variables, and recycles their references after use. Added require. extensions support for Node. Loading CoffeeScript in the browser now adds just a single CoffeeScript object to global scope. Fixes for implicit object and block comment edge cases. Soaking a function invocation is now supported.

Users of the RubyMine editor should now be able to use --watch mode. Specifying the start and end of a range literal is now optional, eg.

You can now say a not instanceof b. Fixed important bugs with nested significant and non-significant indentation Issue Added a --require flag that allows you to hook into the coffee command. Added a custom jsl. conf file for our preferred JavaScriptLint setup. Sped up Jison grammar compilation time by flattening rules for operations. Block comments can now be used with JavaScript-minifier-friendly syntax.

Bugfixes to implicit object literals with leading number and string keys, as the subject of implicit calls, and as part of compound assignment. Bugfix release for 0. Greatly improves the handling of mixed implicit objects, implicit function calls, and implicit indentation. String and regex interpolation is now strictly { … } Ruby style.

The compiler now takes a --require flag, which specifies scripts to run before compilation. The CoffeeScript 0. This allows us to have implicit object literals, and YAML-style object definitions. Downwards range comprehensions are now safe again, and are optimized to straight for loops when created with integer endpoints. A fast, unguarded form of object comprehension was added: for all key, value of object.

Mentioning the super keyword with no arguments now forwards all arguments passed to the function, as in Ruby. If you extend class B from parent class A , if A has an extended method defined, it will be called, passing in B — this enables static inheritance, among other things. Cleaner output for functions bound with the fat arrow. variables can now be used in parameter lists, with the parameter being automatically set as a property on the object — useful in constructors and setter functions.

Constructor functions can now take splats. Quick bugfix right after 0. Block-style comments are now passed through and printed as JavaScript block comments — making them useful for licenses and copyright headers.

Better support for running coffee scripts standalone via hashbangs. Improved syntax errors for tokens that are not in the grammar. Official CoffeeScript variable style is now camelCase, as in JavaScript. Reserved words are now allowed as object keys, and will be quoted for you.

Reporting of syntax errors is greatly improved from the previous release. Running coffee with no arguments now launches the REPL, with Readline support. The loop keyword was added, which is equivalent to a while true loop.

Comprehensions that contain closures will now close over their variables, like the semantics of a forEach. You can now use bound function in class definitions bound to the instance. For consistency, a in b is now an array presence check, and a of b is an object-key check. Comments are no longer passed through to the generated JavaScript. The coffee command will now preserve directory structure when compiling a directory full of scripts.

Fixed two omissions that were preventing the CoffeeScript compiler from running live within Internet Explorer. ECMA Harmony DRY-style pattern matching is now supported, where the name of the property is the same as the name of the value: {name, length}: func. Pattern matching is now allowed within comprehension variables. unless is now allowed in block form. until loops were added, as the inverse of while loops. switch statements are now allowed without switch object clauses.

Compatible with Node. js v0. Trailing commas are now allowed, a-la Python. Static properties may be assigned directly within class definitions, using property notation. Interpolation can now be used within regular expressions and heredocs, as well as strings. The arguments object is no longer automatically converted into an array. After requiring coffeescript , Node.

js can now directly load. coffee files, thanks to registerExtension. Multiple splats can now be used in function calls, arrays, and pattern matching. String interpolation, contributed by Stan Angeloff. Since --run has been the default since 0. Bugfix that corrects the Node. Tweaks for more flexible parsing of nested function literals and improperly-indented comments. Updates for the latest Node. js API. CoffeeScript now has a syntax for defining classes.

Many of the core components Nodes, Lexer, Rewriter, Scope, Optparse are using them. Cakefiles can use optparse. coffee to define options for tasks. Bugfix for an ambiguity between RegExp literals and chained divisions. Added a --stdio option to the coffee command, for piped-in compiles. Improvements to null soaking with the existential operator, including soaks on indexed properties.

Added conditions to while loops, so you can use them as filters with when , in the same manner as comprehensions. CoffeeScript 0. property is now a shorthand for this. Switched the default JavaScript engine from Narwhal to Node. Parameter lists in function definitions must now be wrapped in parentheses.

Added property soaking, with the?. Made parentheses optional, when invoking functions with arguments. Removed the obsolete block literal syntax. Added Python-style chained comparisons, the conditional existence operator?

Bugfixes relating to statement-to-expression conversion, arguments-to-array conversion, and the TextMate syntax highlighter. The conditions in switch statements can now take multiple values at once — If any of them are true, the case will run.

While loops can now be used as expressions, in the same way that comprehensions can. Splats can be used within pattern matches to soak up the rest of an array. Added ECMAScript Harmony style destructuring assignment, for dealing with extracting values from nested arrays and objects. Added indentation-sensitive heredocs for nicely formatted strings or chunks of code. Axed the unsatisfactory ino keyword, replacing it with of for object comprehensions.

They now look like: for prop, value of object. When performing a comprehension over an object, use ino , instead of in , which helps us generate smaller, more efficient code at compile time. Added :: as a shorthand for saying. Constructor functions that start with capital letters now include a safety check to make sure that the new instance of the object is returned.

The extends keyword now functions identically to goog. Major release. Significant whitespace. Better statement-to-expression conversion. Splice literals. Object comprehensions. The existential operator.

Bugfix for running coffee --interactive and --run from outside of the CoffeeScript directory. Array slice literals and array comprehensions can now both take Ruby-style ranges to specify the start and end. JavaScript variable declaration is now pushed up to the top of the scope, making all assignment statements into expressions. The coffeescript command is now called coffee. The official CoffeeScript extension is now. coffee instead of. cs , which properly belongs to C.

Made a grammatical fix for chained function calls like func 1 2 3 4. The coffee command now includes --interactive , which launches an interactive CoffeeScript session, and --run , which directly compiles and executes a script. Both options depend on a working installation of Narwhal. The aint keyword has been replaced by isnt , which goes together a little smoother with is. Quoted strings are now allowed as identifiers within object literals: eg.

Fixed a bug with calling super through more than one level of inheritance, with the re-addition of the extends keyword. New --no-wrap option to suppress the safety function wrapper. Try CoffeeScript Language Reference Integrations Resources GitHub. Lines Changelog Browser-Based Tests Version 1. x Documentation CoffeeScript is a little language that compiles into JavaScript.

coffee files anywhere: npm install --global coffeescript Overview CoffeeScript on the top left , compiled JavaScript output on the bottom right. Compatibility Most modern JavaScript features that CoffeeScript supports can run natively in Node 7. Here are some notable exceptions: JSX always requires transpilation. Splats, a. Installation The command-line version of coffee is available as a Node. You can then install CoffeeScript globally with npm : npm install --global coffeescript This will make the coffee and cake commands available globally.

Usage Command Line Once installed, you should have access to the coffee command, which can execute scripts, compile. The coffee command takes the following options: Option Description -c, --compile Compile a. coffee script into a. js JavaScript file of the same name. babelrc file or a package. json with a babel key in the path of the file or folder to be compiled.

See Transpilation. Adds sourceMappingURL directives to the JavaScript as well. Identical to calling coffee with no arguments. Use in conjunction with --compile or --watch. Good for use with processes written in other languages.

coffee coffee -sc -l, --literate Parses the code as Literate CoffeeScript. You only need to specify this when passing in code directly over stdio , or using some sort of extension-less file name. For example: coffee -e "console. log num for num in [ Use this flag to forward options directly to Node.

To pass multiple flags, use --nodejs multiple times. Used for integrating with JavaScript build tools. Used for debugging the compiler. Examples: Compile a directory tree of.

coffee files in src into a parallel tree of. coffee Concatenate a list of files into a single script: coffee --join project. coffee Print out the compiled JS from a one-liner: coffee -bpe "alert i for i in [ compile 'console.

log "Mmmmm, I could really go for some {Math. pi}"' The compile method has the signature compile code, options where code is a string of CoffeeScript code, and the optional options is an object with some or all of the following properties: options. sourceMap , boolean: if true, a source map will be generated; and instead of returning a string, compile will return an object of the form {js, v3SourceMap, sourceMap}.

inlineMap , boolean: if true, output the source map as a baseencoded string in a comment at the bottom. filename , string: the filename to use for the source map. It can include a path relative or absolute. bare , boolean: if true, output without the top-level function safety wrapper.

header , boolean: if true, output the Generated by CoffeeScript header. transpile , object : if set, this must be an object with the options to pass to Babel. ast , boolean: if true, return an abstract syntax tree of the input CoffeeScript source code.

Transpilation CoffeeScript 2 generates JavaScript that uses the latest, modern syntax. babelrc coffee --compile --transpile --inline-map some-file. coffee Transpiling with the CoffeeScript compiler To make things easy, CoffeeScript has built-in support for the popular Babel transpiler.

compile with a string to be compiled and an options object, the transpile key of the options object should be the Babel options: CoffeeScript. Language Reference This reference is structured so that it can be read from top to bottom, if you like. inspect object ; Functions Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses, an arrow, and the function body.

Strings Like JavaScript and many other languages, CoffeeScript supports strings as delimited by the " or ' characters. Double-quoted block strings, like other double-quoted strings, allow interpolation. Objects and Arrays The CoffeeScript literals for objects and arrays look very similar to their JavaScript cousins.

Comments In CoffeeScript, comments are denoted by the character to the end of a line, or from to the next appearance of. Inline comments make type annotations possible. Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety The CoffeeScript compiler takes care to make sure that all of your variables are properly declared within lexical scope — you never need to write var yourself. Generate source maps alongside the compiled JavaScript files.

Just like --map , but include the source map directly in the compiled JavaScript files, rather than in a separate file. Launch an interactive CoffeeScript session to try short snippets. Write out all compiled JavaScript files into the specified directory. Pipe in CoffeeScript to STDIN and get back JavaScript over STDOUT. coffee coffee -sc. Parses the code as Literate CoffeeScript.

Compile and print a little snippet of CoffeeScript directly from the command line. require the given module before starting the REPL or evaluating the code given with the --eval flag. Compile the JavaScript without the top-level function safety wrapper. The node executable has some useful options you can set, such as --debug , --debug-brk , --max-stack-size , and --expose-gc. Generate an abstract syntax tree of nodes of the CoffeeScript.

Instead of parsing the CoffeeScript, just lex it, and print out the token stream. Instead of compiling the CoffeeScript, just lex and parse it, and print out the parse tree. returns a if a is in scope and a! Daniel Cole. By Associated Press. WESH Arizona man ticketed for driving in the HOV lane with an inflatable Grinch in the passenger seat WESH 'Unlike any planets found in our solar system:' These two planets are probably made of water, study finds WESH.

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Below is list of command-line options recognized by the ImageMagick command-line tools. If you want a description of a particular option, click on the option name in the navigation bar above and you will go right to it.

Unless otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands: convert and mogrify. A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation sigma is used. If sigma is not given it defaults to 1.

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place. The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which holds the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The -adaptive-resize option defaults to data-dependent triangulation. Use the -filter to choose a different resampling algorithm. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

This option is enabled by default. An attempt is made to save all images of an image sequence into the given output file. However, some formats, such as JPEG and PNG, do not support more than one image per file, and in that case ImageMagick is forced to write each image as a separate file. As such, if more than one image needs to be written, the filename given is modified by adding a -scene number before the suffix, in order to make distinct names for each image.

As an example, the command. will create a sequence of 17 images the two given plus 15 more created by -morph , named: my00morph. jpg, my01morph. jpg, my02morph. In summary, ImageMagick tries to write all images to one file, but will save to multiple files, if any of the following conditions exist Set the drawing transformation matrix for combined rotating and scaling. This option sets a transformation matrix, for use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.

The matrix entries are entered as comma-separated numeric values either in quotes or without spaces. Internally, the transformation matrix has 3x3 elements, but three of them are omitted from the input because they are constant. The new transformed coordinates x' , y' of a pixel at position x , y in the original image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

The size of the resulting image is that of the smallest rectangle that contains the transformed source image.

The parameters t x and t y subsequently shift the image pixels so that those that are moved out of the image area are cut off. The transformation matrix complies with the left-handed pixel coordinate system: positive x and y directions are rightward and downward, resp.

If the translation coefficients t x and t y are omitted they default to 0,0. Therefore, four parameters suffice for rotation and scaling without translation. Scaling by the factors s x and s y in the x and y directions, respectively, is accomplished with the following.

See -transform , and the -distort method ' Affineprojection for more information. Translation by a displacement t x , t y is accomplished like so:. The cumulative effect of a sequence of -affine transformations can be accomplished by instead by a single -affine operation using the matrix equal to the product of the matrices of the individual transformations.

An attempt is made to detect near-singular transformation matrices. If the matrix determinant has a sufficiently small absolute value it is rejected. Used to set a flag on an image indicating whether or not to use existing alpha channel data, to create an alpha channel, or to perform other operations on the alpha channel.

Choose the argument type from the list below. This is a convenience for annotating an image with text. For more precise control over text annotations, use -draw. The values Xdegrees and Ydegrees control the shears applied to the text, while t x and t y are offsets that give the location of the text relative any -gravity setting and defaults to the upper left corner of the image.

Using -annotate degrees or -annotate degrees x degrees produces an unsheared rotation of the text. The direction of the rotation is positive, which means a clockwise rotation if degrees is positive. This conforms to the usual mathematical convention once it is realized that the positive y —direction is conventionally considered to be downward for images. The new transformed coordinates x' , y' of a pixel at position x , y in the image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

If t x and t y are omitted, they default to 0. This makes the bottom-left of the text becomes the upper-left corner of the image, which is probably undesirable.

Adding a -gravity option in this case leads to nice results. Text is any UTF-8 encoded character sequence. If text is of the form ' mytext. txt', the text is read from the file mytext. Text in a file is taken literally; no embedded formatting characters are recognized. By default, objects e. text, lines, polygons, etc.

are antialiased when drawn. This will then reduce the number of colors added to an image to just the colors being directly drawn. That is, no mixed colors are added when drawing such objects. This option creates a single longer image, by joining all the current images in sequence top-to-bottom. If they are not of the same width, narrower images are padded with the current -background color setting, and their position relative to each other can be controlled by the current -gravity setting.

For more flexible options, including the ability to add space between images, use -smush. Use this option to supply a password for decrypting a PDF that has been encrypted using Microsoft Crypto API MSC API. The encrypting using the MSC API is not supported. For a different encryption method, see -encipher and -decipher. This works well for real-life images with little or no extreme dark and light areas, but tend to fail for images with large amounts of bright sky or dark shadows.

It also does not work well for diagrams or cartoon like images. It uses the -channel setting, including the ' sync ' flag for channel synchronization , to determine which color values is used and modified. As the default -channel setting is ' RGB,sync ', channels are modified together by the same gamma value, preserving colors.

This is a 'perfect' image normalization operator. It finds the exact minimum and maximum color values in the image and then applies a -level operator to stretch the values to the full range of values. On the other hand it is the right operator to use for color stretching gradient images being used to generate Color lookup tables, distortion maps, or other 'mathematically' defined images.

The operator is very similar to the -normalize , -contrast-stretch , and -linear-stretch operators, but without 'histogram binning' or 'clipping' problems that these operators may have.

That is -auto-level is the perfect or ideal version these operators. It uses the -channel setting, including the special ' sync ' flag for channel synchronization , to determine which color values are used and modified.

Adjusts an image so that its orientation is suitable for viewing i. top-left orientation. This operator reads and resets the EXIF image profile setting 'Orientation' and then performs the appropriate 90 degree rotation on the image to orient the image, for correct viewing. This EXIF profile setting is usually set using a gravity sensor in digital camera, however photos taken directly downward or upward may not have an appropriate value.

Also images that have been orientation 'corrected' without reseting this setting, may be 'corrected' again resulting in a incorrect result. If the EXIF profile was previously stripped, the -auto-orient operator will do nothing. The computed threshold is returned as the auto-threshold:verbose image property. This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image.

The color of the backdrop is specified as the background color. The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option. The default background color if none is specified or found in the image is white. Repeat the entire command for the given number of iterations and report the user-time and elapsed time.

For instance, consider the following command and its output. Modify the benchmark with the -duration to run the benchmark for a fixed number of seconds and -concurrent to run the benchmark in parallel requires the OpenMP feature. In this example, 5 iterations were completed at 2.

This option shifts the output of -convolve so that positive and negative results are relative to the specified bias value. This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values.

This is especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge detection. Without an output bias, the negative values are clipped at zero.

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia entry. A non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducing smoothing filter for images. It replaces the intensity of each pixel with a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This weight is based on a Gaussian distribution.

You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found in the image header. Russell Hancock President and CEO Joint Venture Silicon Valley. This weight is based on a Gaussian distribution. Below is list of command-line options recognized by the ImageMagick command-line tools. By using more coordinates you can make use of image registration tool to find matching coordinate pairs in overlapping images, so as to improve the 'fit' of the distortion.

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